Vision problems can block learning
1. Barnhardt C, Cotter SA, Mitchell GL, Scheiman M, Kulp MT. Symptoms in children with convergence insufficiency: before and after treatment. Optom Vis Sci. 2012;89(10):1512-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22922781
2. Rouse M, Borsting E, Mitchell GL, Kulp M, Scheiman M, Amster D, et al. Academic Behaviors in Children with Convergence Insufficiency with and without Parent-Reported ADHD. Opt Vis Sci. 2009;86:1169-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19741558
3. Borsting E, Mitchell GL, Kulp MT, Scheiman M, Amster DM, Cotter S, et al. Improvement in academic behaviors after successful treatment of convergence insufficiency. Optom Vis Sci. 2012;89(1):12-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22080400
Impact at least 5 million children
1. Borsting E, Rouse M, Deland P, Hovett S, Kimura D, Park M, et al. Association of symptoms and convergence and accommodative insufficiency in school-age children. Optometry. 2003;74:25-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12539890
2. Rouse M, Borsting E, Hyman L, Hussein M, Cotter S, Flynn M, et al. Frequency of convergence insufficiency among fifth and sixth graders. Optom Vis Sci. 1999;76:643-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10498006
Eye coordination and focusing problems are treatable
1. Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial (CITT) Study Group. Randomized clinical trial of treatments for symptomatic convergence insufficiency in children. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126:1336-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18852411
2. Sterner B, Abrahamsson M, Sjostrom A. The effects of accommodative facility training on a group of children with impaired relative accommodation--a comparison between dioptric treatment and sham treatment. Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists). 2001;21(6):470-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11727875
3. Scheiman M, Cotter S, Kulp MT, Mitchell GL, Cooper J, Gallaway M, et al. Treatment of accommodative dysfunction in children: results from a randomized clinical trial. Optom Vis Sci. 2011;88(11):1343-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21873922
Eye coordination problems can be mistaken for ADHD.
1. Borsting, E., M. Rouse and R. Chu (2005). "Measuring ADHD behaviors in children with symptomatic accommodative dysfunction or convergence insufficiency: a preliminary study." Optometry 76: 588-592. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16230274
2. Borsting, E., G. L. Mitchell, L. E. Arnold, M. Sheiman, C. Chase, M. Kulp, S. Cotter and C. R. Group (2013). "Behavioral and Emotional Problems Associated With Convergence Insufficiency in Children: An Open Trial." J Atten Disord. http://jad.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/11/22/1087054713511528
3. Granet DB, Gomi CF, Ventura R and Miller-Scholte A (2005). "The relationship between convergence insufficiency and ADHD." Strabismus 13: 163-168. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16361187
Literature showing the Vision & Learning connection
1. Tiadi A, Girard CL, Peyre H, Bui-Quoc E, Bucci MP. Immaturity of Visual Fixations in Dyslexic Children. Front Hum Neurosci 2016;10:58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4756100/
2. Creavin AL, Lingam R, Steer C, Williams C. Ophthalmic abnormalities and reading impairment. Pediatrics. 2015 Jun;135(6):1057-65. doi: 10.1542/peds.2014-3622.
3. Simons HD, Gassler PA. Vision anomalies and reading skill: A meta-analysis of the literature. AM J Optom Physiolo Opt 1988; 65; 893-904
Ciuffreda, KJ. The Scientific Basis for and Efficacy of Optometric Vision Therapy in Nonstrabismic Accommodative and Vergence Disorders. Optometry 2002; 73:735-62.
4. Rosner J, Rosner J. Some observations of the relationship between the visual perceptual skills development of young hyperopes and age of first lens correction. Clin Exper Optom 1986; 69: 166-8
5. Rosner J, Rosner J. Comparison of visual characteristics in children with and without learning difficulties. Am J Optom Physiol Optics 1987; 84: 531-3.
6. Ludlam WM, Ludlam DE. Effects of prism induced accommodative convergence stress on reading comprehension test scores. J Am Optom Assoc 1988; 59: 440-5.
7. Kulp MT, Schmidt PP. Effect of oculomotor and other visual skills on reading performance: a literature review. Optom Vis Sci 1996; 73, 283-92.
Sterner B, Abrahamsson M; Sjöström A. Accommodative facility training with a long term follow-up in a sample of school aged children showing accommodative dysfunction. Doc Ophthal 1999; 99: 93- 101.
8. Bucci MP, Brémond-Gignac D, Kapoula Z. Poor binocular coordination of saccades in dyslexic children Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2008; 246: 417-28.
9. O’Leary CI, Evans BJW. Double masked randomized placebo controlled trial of the effect of prismatic corrections on rate of reading and the relationship with symptoms. Ophthal Physiol Optics 2006; 26, 555-65.
10. Gallaway M, Boas MB. The impact of vergence and accommodative therapy on reading eye movements and reading speed. Optom Vis Dev 2007; 38: 115-20.
11. Garzia RP, Nicholson SB, Gaines CS, Murphy MA, Kramer A, Potts J. Effects of near point stress on psycholinguistic processing in reading. J Am Optom Assoc 1989; 60: 38-44
1. Barnhardt C, Cotter SA, Mitchell GL, Scheiman M, Kulp MT. Symptoms in children with convergence insufficiency: before and after treatment. Optom Vis Sci. 2012;89(10):1512-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22922781
2. Rouse M, Borsting E, Mitchell GL, Kulp M, Scheiman M, Amster D, et al. Academic Behaviors in Children with Convergence Insufficiency with and without Parent-Reported ADHD. Opt Vis Sci. 2009;86:1169-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19741558
3. Borsting E, Mitchell GL, Kulp MT, Scheiman M, Amster DM, Cotter S, et al. Improvement in academic behaviors after successful treatment of convergence insufficiency. Optom Vis Sci. 2012;89(1):12-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22080400
Impact at least 5 million children
1. Borsting E, Rouse M, Deland P, Hovett S, Kimura D, Park M, et al. Association of symptoms and convergence and accommodative insufficiency in school-age children. Optometry. 2003;74:25-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12539890
2. Rouse M, Borsting E, Hyman L, Hussein M, Cotter S, Flynn M, et al. Frequency of convergence insufficiency among fifth and sixth graders. Optom Vis Sci. 1999;76:643-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10498006
Eye coordination and focusing problems are treatable
1. Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial (CITT) Study Group. Randomized clinical trial of treatments for symptomatic convergence insufficiency in children. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126:1336-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18852411
2. Sterner B, Abrahamsson M, Sjostrom A. The effects of accommodative facility training on a group of children with impaired relative accommodation--a comparison between dioptric treatment and sham treatment. Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists). 2001;21(6):470-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11727875
3. Scheiman M, Cotter S, Kulp MT, Mitchell GL, Cooper J, Gallaway M, et al. Treatment of accommodative dysfunction in children: results from a randomized clinical trial. Optom Vis Sci. 2011;88(11):1343-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21873922
Eye coordination problems can be mistaken for ADHD.
1. Borsting, E., M. Rouse and R. Chu (2005). "Measuring ADHD behaviors in children with symptomatic accommodative dysfunction or convergence insufficiency: a preliminary study." Optometry 76: 588-592. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16230274
2. Borsting, E., G. L. Mitchell, L. E. Arnold, M. Sheiman, C. Chase, M. Kulp, S. Cotter and C. R. Group (2013). "Behavioral and Emotional Problems Associated With Convergence Insufficiency in Children: An Open Trial." J Atten Disord. http://jad.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/11/22/1087054713511528
3. Granet DB, Gomi CF, Ventura R and Miller-Scholte A (2005). "The relationship between convergence insufficiency and ADHD." Strabismus 13: 163-168. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16361187
Literature showing the Vision & Learning connection
1. Tiadi A, Girard CL, Peyre H, Bui-Quoc E, Bucci MP. Immaturity of Visual Fixations in Dyslexic Children. Front Hum Neurosci 2016;10:58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4756100/
2. Creavin AL, Lingam R, Steer C, Williams C. Ophthalmic abnormalities and reading impairment. Pediatrics. 2015 Jun;135(6):1057-65. doi: 10.1542/peds.2014-3622.
3. Simons HD, Gassler PA. Vision anomalies and reading skill: A meta-analysis of the literature. AM J Optom Physiolo Opt 1988; 65; 893-904
Ciuffreda, KJ. The Scientific Basis for and Efficacy of Optometric Vision Therapy in Nonstrabismic Accommodative and Vergence Disorders. Optometry 2002; 73:735-62.
4. Rosner J, Rosner J. Some observations of the relationship between the visual perceptual skills development of young hyperopes and age of first lens correction. Clin Exper Optom 1986; 69: 166-8
5. Rosner J, Rosner J. Comparison of visual characteristics in children with and without learning difficulties. Am J Optom Physiol Optics 1987; 84: 531-3.
6. Ludlam WM, Ludlam DE. Effects of prism induced accommodative convergence stress on reading comprehension test scores. J Am Optom Assoc 1988; 59: 440-5.
7. Kulp MT, Schmidt PP. Effect of oculomotor and other visual skills on reading performance: a literature review. Optom Vis Sci 1996; 73, 283-92.
Sterner B, Abrahamsson M; Sjöström A. Accommodative facility training with a long term follow-up in a sample of school aged children showing accommodative dysfunction. Doc Ophthal 1999; 99: 93- 101.
8. Bucci MP, Brémond-Gignac D, Kapoula Z. Poor binocular coordination of saccades in dyslexic children Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2008; 246: 417-28.
9. O’Leary CI, Evans BJW. Double masked randomized placebo controlled trial of the effect of prismatic corrections on rate of reading and the relationship with symptoms. Ophthal Physiol Optics 2006; 26, 555-65.
10. Gallaway M, Boas MB. The impact of vergence and accommodative therapy on reading eye movements and reading speed. Optom Vis Dev 2007; 38: 115-20.
11. Garzia RP, Nicholson SB, Gaines CS, Murphy MA, Kramer A, Potts J. Effects of near point stress on psycholinguistic processing in reading. J Am Optom Assoc 1989; 60: 38-44